Friday, September 30, 2022

Interpreting Air Cleaner Performance Data by ASHRAE

Air purifiers have become permanent fixtures in homes, offices, retail stores, healthcare facilities and even industrial environments. As we enter the final stages of the pandemic; masks, lockdowns and crowd limitations are becoming less common, but the air purifier will likely remain.  

Demand for a product drives the supply chain to deliver. This demand / supply equation is often responsible for driving product innovation. With air purifiers, many innovations took the form of new, and in some cases, recycled technologies from the past, broadly categorized under the term electronic air cleaners. These products focus more on killing or inactivating viruses, bacteria and other organisms as opposed to particulate filters which capture and hold them within the body of an air filter. This kill or inactivate strategy was a response to the public’s demand to protect themselves against airborne infectious diseases like COVID-19.

The surge in demand for electronic air cleaners brought to light the fact consumers have a hard time finding simple methods or ratings systems to determine real world effectiveness. Particulate filters are evaluated and classified for particle capture efficiency using widely accepted test standards such as IEST-RP-CC001 or ISO 29463 for HEPA filters and ASHRAE 52.2 or ISO 16890 for HVAC style filters. Using particle capture efficiency together with a purifier’s airflow and size of the space in question, gives consumers the ability to better understand what an air purifier with a particulate air filter can, and just as importantly, cannot do. 

It’s not so simple with electronic air cleaners. A recent ASHRAE Journal article, Interpreting Air Cleaner Performance Data, details the difficulties in understanding the mechanics behind the various technologies and the ways they report efficacy. The concept of subtractive and additive mechanisms is discussed.  Subtractive is where particles are removed from the airstream as in a particulate filter. This is contrasted against additive technologies where something (chemically reactive compounds for example) are added to the space or airstream, either to improve the subtractive removal effectiveness or to change or inactivate the contaminant.

The article points out how the lack of performance test standards for electronic air cleaners leads to a variety of test reports that provide limited insight into product performance and safety. The most common standards used are two UL standards which deal exclusively with ozone emissions.

The article ends by providing a few thoughts on how useful test methods and standards could be developed in the future so consumers aren’t forced to rely on confusing marketing language often associated with electronic air cleaners. 

Industries often evolve due to market demands and if the pandemic drives the air purifier industry to include more electronic air cleaners, the questions about safety and real world performance expectations need to be answered so articles like this one aren’t necessary. 

Article available through ASHRAE.org. 

 

Source This article was published in ASHRAE Journal, April 2022. Copyright 2022 ASHRAE. Posted at https://bit.ly/3E6qA56. This article may not be copied and/or distributed electronically or in paper form without permission of ASHRAE. For more information about ASHRAE Journal, visit https://bit.ly/3E6qA56.

https://bit.ly/3E1oKTg

The post Interpreting Air Cleaner Performance Data by ASHRAE appeared first on Air Filters for Clean Air.



from Air Filters for Clean Air

Saturday, September 24, 2022

How to Prepare for Flu Season with Air Filters in 2022

With the weather beginning to cool down in many parts of the United States, influenza and other respiratory infections will soon begin to circulate. In some places, including Texas, Delaware, Georgia, and New Mexico, rates of flu infection are already beginning to climb. In this article, air quality experts from Camfil explain how air filters and air purifiers can help prevent the spread of the flu this fall and winter. 

Why Do We Get Sick More in the Winter?

Health experts speculate that many factors contribute to increased respiratory and other infections in the fall and winter, including:

  • There are a range of pathogens that reproduce more effectively in cooler temperatures. 
  • Our immune systems are often less effective during the winter. When our body is preoccupied with more essential functions, such as maintaining an adequate internal temperature, less urgent bodily functions such as the immune system take the backseat, leaving us more vulnerable to viruses and bacteria when we come into contact with them.
  • When the weather is colder, people are more likely to congregate in both large and small groups indoors for extended periods of time. 

People are likely to spend more time in confined indoor spaces when the weather is colder, which increases the likelihood of encountering pathogens in the air. 

Related Article: Why Do We Get Sick More In Cooler Months

How Is the Flu Transmitted? 

According to the CDC, influenza spreads via airborne transmission routes, as explained below:

“People with flu can spread it to others up to about 6 feet away. Most experts think that flu viruses spread mainly by droplets made when people with flu cough, sneeze or talk. These droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby or possibly be inhaled into the lungs. Less often, a person might get flu by touching a surface or object that has flu virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes.”

— Source: CDC Website

When Is Flu Season 2022?

The exact timing of the circulation of flu viruses is difficult to predict and may vary regionally, but flu activity usually begins to increase in October, and cases peak between December and February.

Just as doctors recommend flu vaccinations be given in September and October for those who choose to take them, it is best to take precautionary measures against the spread of the flu ahead of time. 

How Do Air Purifiers Help Prevent Flu?

Air purifiers can help prevent the spread of the flu in two main ways:

  1. By increasing ventilation. Poor ventilation allows infected particles and other contaminants to build up in indoor air, leading to an increased likelihood of inhabitants inhaling an infected respiratory droplet or nuclei and contracting an infection themselves. 
  2. By removing contaminants from the air. Simply recirculating indoor air through a building’s HVAC system to increase ventilation may not  adequately protect its inhabitants from pathogens because the system’s air filters are not likely to have a high enough capture efficiency, ie. MERV value.. The air must be filtered to remove infected respiratory droplets. An H14 HEPA filter, if tested and certified as such, is rated to remove 99.995% of the smallest particles in the air, including viruses. 

A medical-grade air purifier such as the City M Air Purifier by Camfil uses Absolute HEPA technology to remove pathogens from the air, in addition to other harmful particles such as dust, contaminants, and allergens. The Absolute HEPAs in the City M are tested and certified to be H14 filters. The City M is also equipped with a molecular filter to remove harmful gases, such as volatile organic compounds, from the air. Delivering 256 cubic feet of clean air per minute, the City M is a standalone unit that acts independently of the building’s HVAC system and offers excellent ventilation in addition to HEPA filtration. 

Find out the best air filtration solutions for your building this flu season by consulting your local Camfil representative

About Camfil Clean Air Solutions

For more than half a century, Camfil has been helping people breathe cleaner air. As a leading manufacturer of premium clean air solutions, we provide commercial and industrial systems for air filtration and air pollution control that improve worker and equipment productivity, minimize energy use, and benefit human health and the environment. We firmly believe that the best solutions for our customers are the best solutions for our planet, too. That’s why every step of the way – from design to delivery and across the product life cycle – we consider the impact of what we do on people and on the world around us. Through a fresh approach to problem-solving, innovative design, precise process control, and a strong customer focus we aim to conserve more, use less and find better ways – so we can all breathe easier.

The Camfil Group is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden, and has 31​ manufacturing sites, six R&D centers, local sales offices in 35+ countries, and about 5,200 employees and growing. We proudly serve and support customers in a wide variety of industries and in communities across the world. To discover how Camfil USA can help you to protect people, processes and the environment, visit us at www.camfil.us/ 

 

##

 

Media Contact: 

Lynne Laake 

Camfil USA Air Filters 

T: 888.599.6620 

E: Lynne.Laake@camfil.com

F: Friend Camfil USA on Facebook

T: Follow Camfil USA on Twitter 

Y: Watch Camfil Videos on YouTube

L: Follow our LinkedIn Page

 

Sources:

  1. https://nyti.ms/3St3zgO 
  2. https://bit.ly/3SrTXn7 
  3. https://bit.ly/3SsK2gz 

The post How to Prepare for Flu Season with Air Filters in 2022 appeared first on Air Filters for Clean Air.



from Air Filters for Clean Air

Sunday, September 4, 2022

How to Improve Indoor Air Quality in Areas Affected by Wildfires

How to Improve Indoor Air Quality in Areas Affected by Wildfires

Wildfires are usually at their peak July through October. This year is no exception. More than 5.7 million acres of woodland have already burned according to the National Centers for Environmental Information[1] (NCEI)’s Interagency Fire Center – the third most in recorded history. Summer droughts, reduced mountaintop snowpack and lightning strikes have doubled the area of wildfires in the western U.S.

Does wildfire smoke affect air quality?

Yes. Wildfires cause poor air quality, which affects the health of people both indoors and outside. This is because wildfires produce tiny dangerous airborne particles and gaseous contaminants regulated by the EPA’s National Ambient Air Quality Standards (Clean Air Act)[ii].

When wildfire smoke is drawn into a building through an HVAC system without proper filtration, the contaminants can spread throughout the facility, causing poor air quality conditions. Patients and visitors in hospitals, outpatient or residential care facilities are especially vulnerable to these contaminants.

Why wildfire smoke is a health concern

Breathing wildfire smoke is bad for the body. PM2.5 contaminants (particles smaller than 2.5 microns) can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream. Molecules of gases like ozone are thousands of times smaller than PM2.5 particles, and are able to enter the body’s cells and major organs, causing irreversible damage.

Exposure to pollutants from wildfire smoke increases the likelihood of contracting and experiencing severe complications. PM2.5 and gaseous contaminants cause a range of health problems from temporary burning eyes to lifelong heart and lung damage. That is why the EPA refers to ozone as “sunburn for the lungs.”[iii]

Programs such as the Interagency Wildfire Air Quality Response Program were created to directly assess, communicate, and address risks posed by wildland fire smoke to public health [iv]. However, the most important tool to gauge exposure risk is the Air Quality Index (AQI).

What is the Air Quality Index?

The EPA created the AQI to help measure the level of pollutants in the air at any given time for each area of the United States. This index is now used around the world, with readings measured at every airport. Think of the AQI as a yardstick that runs from 0 to 500. The higher the AQI value, the greater the level of air pollution and the greater the potential health impact.

The AQI is divided into six categories. Each category corresponds to a different level of health concern. Each category also has a specific color. The color makes it easy for people to quickly determine whether air quality is reaching unhealthy levels in their communities.[v]  Green (<50) and yellow (51-100) are acceptable, orange (101-150)  means sensitive people may be affected, red (151-200) and purple (201-300) are enough cause for alarm that people should stay inside, and maroon (above 301) means emergency conditions are present.

 

To generate the AQI, the EPA measures the level of criteria air pollutants from the Clean Air Act – ground-level ozone, PM2.5, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide (SO2 ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Gases are measured in parts per billion and particulates are measured in micrograms (µg) per cubic meter.

The EPA crunches all of these readings into a formula in order to generate the one AQI number that is reported on the above chart. Most sites like purpleair.com and airnow.gov will also tell you which component is causing the number to be high.

How wildfires affect AQI

Wildfire smoke contains pollutants because it is produced by the combustion of organic and other substances. The smoke contains microscopic particles less than 2.5 microns in size, known as PM2.5. In fact, 90% of the total mass of wildfire smoke is comprised of these particles and they are the largest contributor to a poor AQI number. Particles generally 2.5 µm in diameter or smaller represent a main pollutant emitted from wildfire smoke, comprising approximately 90% of total particle mass.[vi]

Wildfires also release gaseous hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides that form nuisance odors and ground-level ozone. Ground-level ozone is created when UV light from the sun reacts with gases near the earth’s surface. Secondary contaminants from wildfires include:

  •   Nitrogen Oxides
  •   Sulfur oxides
  •   Carbon monoxide
  •   Unburned hydrocarbons
  •   Volatile organic compounds

The map below from AirNow.gov shows fire and smoke occurrences from August 8, 2022.  Smoke can be carried on air currents to populated areas miles away from the actual fire. People in the midwest and east are not immune from the effects of fires burning hundreds of miles to the west or south.  All of these contaminants can enter indoor spaces, causing poor indoor air quality for workers and visitors to facilities. It is typically a facility manager’s job to figure out how to reduce wildfire smoke exposure for employees and visitors to the buildings.

 

Filtering Wildfire Smoke (Cleaning the Air)

When considering wildfire smoke, the particulate matter is the first area to address with filtration. The PM2.5 particles need to be captured because those are what causes the greatest health problems. In addition, if the facility’s location is close to the source of the fire, there can be high levels of ozone gases and nuisance odors. In those cases, the gases need to be captured along with the particles. Even if the dangerous particles are captured, people don’t want to work or visit facilities that smell like smoke.

To mitigate the risks and nuisance of wildfire smoke, Camfil recommends using a combination of high efficiency air filters to capture PM2.5 particles and carbon filtration to control odor and gaseous contaminants.

Capturing PM2.5 Particulates

We recommend using a filter that will catch at least 90% of the PM2.5 particles. That means the filter should have a minimum efficiency reporting value (MERV) of at least 14A.

The “A” rating is important because it verifies the filters were tested according to ASHRAE Standard 52.2-2017 with Appendix J to test the efficiency after any electrostatic charge has been discharged.  This test shows what the  efficiency is over the entire lifetime of the filter, not just in the first few weeks. .

Capturing gases

Capturing the gases contained in smoke requires molecular filtration because the molecules are too tiny to be captured by particulate  filters. For example, a .3 micron-sized solid particle would contain 1000 ozone molecules.  Molecular filters use granulated carbon, which contain a vast network of pores to provide a huge surface area to collect the gas molecules as they make contact. . The molecules attach themselves to the surface of the pores by light intermolecular forces. This process is known as adsorption.

When selecting molecular filters, make sure your filter was tested to ISO 10121 (or ASHRAE 145.2) to validate its performance under actual process conditions. Since there are over 250 million chemicals that all behave differently, there is no molecular filter classification system like ASHRAE’s  MERV valueThe only way to know for certain how the filter will work is to test it using the actual chemical and process conditions.

Camfil uses its ISO 10121 test rig in Trosa, Sweden and Ipoh, Malaysia to test gases at the correct concentrations, temperature and relative humidity level. The air is measured upstream and downstream to gauge performance. This validation testing can make a significant difference in actual use for two filters that claim the same efficiency. For example, Camfil’s MERV 14A particulate filters with a carbon layer maintain their 95% efficiency performance against ozone versus competitive filters that drop efficiency to 70% almost immediately.

Installing Filtration to Mitigate Wildfire Smoke

Camfil recommends installing 12” deep MERV 14A filters for PM2.5 and 12” high- capacity carbon filters for gas removal. If there are two filter banks, a Durafil MERV14A followed by a CitySorb DP (carbon)  molecular filter is recommended. If there is only one filter bank, the facility should use a CityCarb I combination MERV 14A plus molecular (carbon) filter. ISO tests demonstrate that the CitySorb DP and  Camfil CityCarb I filter have superior performance against ozone, nitrogen dioxide,  sulfur dioxide and toluene which is used to represent smoke odors.  Camfil encourages engineers to design tomorrow’s systems with two banks so that each filter can be utilized for its full lifetime.

Facilities can also use supplemental filtration indoors when wildfires are present. These air cleaners like the City M with HEPA and molecular filters and  modular CamCleaner systems are commonly used in hospital waiting rooms, universities, offices, etc. to supplement the amount of air scrubbing in a space.

About Camfil Clean Air Solutions

For more than half a century, Camfil has been helping people breathe cleaner air. As a leading manufacturer of premium clean air solutions, we provide commercial and industrial systems for air filtration and air pollution control that improve worker and equipment productivity, minimize energy use, and benefit human health and the environment. We firmly believe that the best solutions for our customers are the best solutions for our planet, too. That’s why every step of the way – from design to delivery and across the product life cycle – we consider the impact of what we do on people and on the world around us. Through a fresh approach to problem-solving, innovative design, precise process control, and a strong customer focus we aim to conserve more, use less and find better ways – so we can all breathe easier.

The Camfil Group is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden, and has 31 ​manufacturing sites, six R&D centers, local sales offices in 35+ countries, and about 5,200 employees and growing. We proudly serve and support customers in a wide variety of industries and in communities across the world. To discover how Camfil USA can help you to protect people, processes and the environment, visit us at www.camfil.us/.

 

[i]https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/fire/202207

 

[ii] https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview

 

[iii]chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://bit.ly/3wVjg8b

 

[iv] https://www.wildlandfiresmoke.net/

 

[iv] https://www.airnow.gov/aqi/aqi-basics/

 

[v] Vicente et al. 2013; Groβ et al. 2013). (epa.gov)

 

 

The post How to Improve Indoor Air Quality in Areas Affected by Wildfires appeared first on Air Filters for Clean Air.



from Air Filters for Clean Air