Everything You Need to Know About Mechanical Air Filters

Mechanical air filters are an essential component in most HVAC systems, providing cleaner air to employees in commercial buildings, students in schools, workers in factories, patients in hospitals, and more. 

In this article, air filtration experts from Camfil explain the critical role of mechanical air filters in a variety of applications, discuss how air filtration efficiency is measured and published, explore the main types of mechanical air filters, and provide tips for choosing the best mechanical air filter for your building. 

What Are Mechanical Air Filters? 

The fabric portion of an air filter is a non-woven fabric constructed of various fiber sizes intertwined together in a random pattern to create a three-dimensional structure known as filter media. As air works its way through the maze of fibers, particles are captured and removed by well-established mechanical filtration principles, allowing cleaner air to exit on the downstream side of the air filter. 

Particulate pollution, or particulate matter, is a term used to describe any solid or liquid particles suspended in the airstream. While the composition of particulate matter varies widely between different environments, small enough particles are known to be harmful to the human body, including the heart, lungs, brain, nervous system, and other vital organs and processes.

Filter Efficiency: HEPA, ULPA, and MERV Ratings

Not all mechanical air filters provide the same protection. The efficiency of a filter is determined by its ability to capture and retain particles of varying sizes. This is often measured in Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value (MERV) ratings, with higher numbers indicating better filtration performance. As discussed below, HEPA and ULPA indicate higher filter efficiency than filters rated using the MERV system. 

HEPA Filters

HEPA stands for “high-efficiency particulate air” filter. An actual HEPA filter removes at least 99.97% of particles with a size of 0.3 micrometers from the air. 

HEPA filters should be individually factory-tested to global testing standards to show that they are capable of delivering this level of protection. However, there is no official regulation of the term HEPA, meaning that companies can and often do claim that their products are ‘true HEPA filters’ without having the paperwork to back up the claim. Make sure the HEPA filter you choose is tested and certified with a label on it confirming factory testing and providing results. Be cautious of manufacturers unable to furnish documentation proving their air filters meet HEPA standards.

Learn more: HEPA Filters Explained — How Do HEPA Filters Work? 

ULPA Filters 

ULPA (which stands for “ultra-low particulate air”) filters are even more effective at removing particulate matter from the air than HEPA filters. ULPA filters remove a minimum of 99.999% of MPPS (most penetrating particle size) fine particulate matter with particles greater than 120 nanometers (0.12 micrometers) in size. 

To clarify the scale of those particles, there are one million microns in a meter, and one thousand nanometers in a micron (therefore there are one billion nanometers in a meter). A human hair is, on average, 70 micrometers, or 70,000 nanometers, in diameter. The minimum particle size that ULPA filters can remove from the air is almost 600 times smaller than the width of a human hair. 

The level of air filtration efficiency that ULPA filters offer is far more than is needed for most residential and commercial applications; even in most patient-facing medical settings such as hospitals, HEPA filters provide adequate protection. ULPA filters are primarily used in cleanrooms and other applications where complete sterility is required, such as manufacturing sensitive computer parts, batteries, pharmaceuticals, and medical equipment. 

MERV & MERV-A Ratings 

MERV is an acronym for minimum efficiency reporting value. The MERV rating and testing standard was initially developed in 1999 by ASHRAE, an international professional organization that offers guidelines and standards for HVAC-related technologies.

The MERV value indicates how effectively a filter captures particles within certain size ranges; when a filter is better at capturing smaller particles, it is assigned a higher MERV value. 

To determine a filter’s MERV rating, particles of specific sizes are passed through a test duct onto the filter. These particles fall into three size categories: E1, E2, and E3. The filter’s effectiveness against all three size categories is evaluated against a MERV chart, and the final MERV rating is the highest value that meets all three requirements. For example, in order to achieve a MERV 13 value, the tested filter must be at least 50% efficient on dirt particles in the E1 range, at least 85% on E2 range and at least 90% on E3. 

The highest MERV rating according to ASHRAE standards is MERV-16; it is important to be wary of filters claiming to have MERV ratings higher than that. Even the highest-rated MERV filter will not be as effective as an actual HEPA filter. 

It is also essential to remember that a higher MERV rating isn’t necessarily always better. Air filters can feature an electrostatic charge that functions akin to a magnet, temporarily boosting particle capture efficiency across three size categories. This leads to a higher MERV rating for the filter. Yet, as the filter accumulates dirt, the charge loses its ability to draw in particles, causing the MERV rating to decline. For instance, a MERV-13 filter can decrease in particle capture efficiency long before it needs to be changed and match that of a MERV-8 filter, resulting in reduced protection for individuals and equipment compared to its original MERV-13 rating.

ASHRAE testing standards outline an additional method to assess filter efficiency devoid of electrostatic charge, producing MERV-A values. To differentiate between MERV and MERV-A, think of the “A” with “actual,” indicating that a filter’s MERV-A rating reflects its non-degrading filtration efficiency. 

As is the case for HEPA and ULPA filters, MERV-rated filters should undergo factory testing to ensure that they are providing the level of protection for which they are designed. When purchasing a MERV-rated filter, your provider should provide the paperwork showing the results of these factory tests. 

Types of Mechanical Air Filters

Panel Filters 

Panel filters often serve as the only air filter in HVAC systems in commercial, and residential buildings. Elsewhere, they act as prefilters, safeguarding and prolonging the lifespan of more efficient and more sensitive final filters in a multi-stage filtration system. These filters protect sensitive equipment from larger particles, prevent higher efficiency filters from becoming clogged too quickly, and can provide some protection to our lungs from particulate matter depending on the quality and efficiency of the filter. 

Example: Camfil’s 30/30 Dual 9

Compact Filters (V-Bank and Box)

Compact filters are used as final filters in industrial, commercial, and medical applications, providing better protection and long service life as part of a multi-stage filtration system than panel filters alone. They may also be used as prefilters in HEPA installations. Compact filters can withstand greater variations in airflow than panel filters and may be designed to withstand turbulence. 

Example:  Camfil’s Durafil ES3

Bag Filters 

Bag air filters or pocket air filters can serve as prefilters or even as a single final filter.  There are a wide variety of bag filters produced that are effective in applications ranging from indoor shooting ranges to food and beverage to data centers. While they typically have slightly less service life than V-bank filters, their design makes them far easier to transport and install. 

Example: Camfil’s Hi-Flo ES

Considerations for Choosing the Right Mechanical Air Filter 

When selecting the right mechanical air filter for your needs, various factors should be taken into account to ensure optimal filter performance, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. 

Pollutants

The size and type of particles you need to filter out, as well as determining whether or not you need a molecular filter to target gaseous pollutants, play a critical role in determining the appropriate filter. The geographical location of your site (including proximity to large roads, airports, and industrial processes) and pollutants generated within the building are both important considerations; for example, a bakery that generates large amounts of flour dust, which can damage baking equipment and cause contamination of products, will need different solutions than an office building.  

Another related consideration is humidity; filters that will be housed in high-humidity areas should be made of materials that are designed to withstand deterioration, mold growth, and other potential issues from excessive moisture in the air.

The best way to assess current pollution levels is to consult with an experienced air filtration specialist, who can help you measure and monitor pollutants. 

Application & IAQ Goals

Another important factor to consider is what your site hopes to achieve with new air filters. The level of filtration needed to protect HVAC equipment is different from what is needed to protect human health; furthermore, preventing the spread of airborne communicable diseases in a school requires a different approach to ensuring safe conditions in a hospital operating room. 

Airflow Rate

Ensuring that the chosen filter can handle your system’s air volume without causing significant pressure drops is crucial for maintaining energy efficiency and preventing strain on your HVAC or other air filtration system. For high-turbulence applications, it is important to select a filter that is designed to withstand turbulent airflow. 

Maintenance Requirements 

Some filters are designed for easy replacement or cleaning, minimizing downtime and labor costs associated with their upkeep. Always balance upfront costs against long-term maintenance expenses and potential energy savings when making your choice.

Air Filtration Expertise

For advice specific to your site, please reach out to your local Camfil representative.

About Camfil Clean Air Solutions

For more than half a century, Camfil has been helping people breathe cleaner air. As a leading manufacturer of premium clean air solutions, we provide commercial and industrial systems for air filtration and air pollution control that improve worker and equipment productivity, minimize energy use, and benefit human health and the environment. We firmly believe that the best solutions for our customers are the best solutions for our planet, too. That’s why every step of the way – from design to delivery and across the product life cycle – we consider the impact of what we do on people and the world around us. Through a fresh approach to problem-solving, innovative design, precise process control, and a strong customer focus we aim to conserve more, use less, and find better ways – so we can all breathe easier.

The Camfil Group is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden, and has 30 manufacturing sites, six R&D centers, local sales offices in 35+ countries, and about 5,600 employees and growing. We proudly serve and support customers in a wide variety of industries and communities across the world. To discover how Camfil USA can help you to protect people, processes, and the environment, visit us at www.camfil.us/

Media Contact:

Lynne Laake

Camfil USA Air Filters

T: 888.599.6620

E: Lynne.Laake@camfil.com

F: Friend Camfil USA on Facebook

T: Follow Camfil USA on Twitter

Y: Watch Camfil Videos on YouTube

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Strategies for Enhancing Indoor Air Quality of Life Sciences Labs

Maintaining indoor air quality (IAQ) is as critical as ensuring clean outdoor air, as both impact the health, safety and comfort of millions. While global efforts focus on outdoor air quality, it is essential for schools, manufacturers, healthcare institutions, biotech companies and commercial building owners to take responsibility for the IAQ within their facilities. Air filters play a crucial role in achieving high IAQ by capturing various contaminants present in indoor environments.

Indoor air pollutants originate from multiple sources, including particulate matter, chemicals from cleaning products and pesticides, off-gassing from building materials, germs, bacteria and outdoor air pollution. Sensitive industries, such as life sciences, face unique contaminants and risks that can affect worker health and research outcomes.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies IAQ as one of the top five most urgent environmental risks to public health. In the short term, poor IAQ can cause headaches and eye irritations and exacerbate existing conditions such as asthma. Long-term exposure to air contaminants can even result in lung and heart disease.  

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 requires companies to provide a place of employment free from recognized hazards that can harm employees. It also lists regulated air contaminants. By using Camfil air filters, companies can seek to comply with permissible exposure limits (PELs) by capturing contaminated air particulates and fumes before they enter the working environment. 

Challenges Faced by Life Science Labs

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) estimates that more than half a million workers are employed in labs across the United States. Lab environments can be hazardous, with chemicals and equipment generating particulate matter, trace elements, inorganic gases and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that negatively impact IAQ. 

• Particulate Matter: Sources of particulate matter in labs include Bunsen burners and powders used in experiments. Smaller particulates pose a higher danger to human health. For instance, ultrafine particles measuring less than 0.1 micrometers can penetrate deeply into the respiratory system and heart, causing severe health issues.
• Trace Elements: Metals and biologics can be released into the atmosphere from solid materials, powders and chemicals used during research. Inorganic gases such as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) can be produced by specific equipment and compounding processes.
• VOCs: VOCs in labs come from solvents, cleaning agents and chemical agents. These can emit gases into the environment due to bottle leakage, spills, evaporation from open sources and mixing processes. Because of their potential health hazards, VOCs are regulated by the EPA under the National Volatile Organic Compound Emission Standards for Consumer and Commercial Products.
• Other Contaminants: Additional sources of contaminants in labs include water and ultrasonic baths, organic wastes, deionized or ultrapure water systems, unsterilized equipment, sample oven drying, bioaerosols and germs from staff.

Regulatory Standards and Guidelines

Laboratories must adhere to local, state and federal regulations. Organizations such as ASHRAE, OSHA and the EPA outline rules and guidelines to improve laboratory safety for workers.

As part of its Lab Standard, OSHA has established permissible exposure limits that specify the amount and duration that workers can be exposed to various hazardous and chemical substances. These PELs are crucial for evaluating labs and implementing adequate control measures such as industrial filters, to meet acceptable levels of exposure. OSHA also provides a webpage that offers current information on lab safety for lab and facility managers.

ASHRAE Standard 62.1 is the recognized standard for Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality for commercial and institutional buildings. Revised in 2022, it now extends beyond basic ventilation requirements to recognize the importance of equipment, filtration, and controls in achieving comprehensive air quality. This standard plays a vital role in maintaining acceptable air quality levels in both new and existing buildings. 

As part of its pollution prevention initiative, the EPA addresses various environmental topics including IAQ and ways to reduce exposure to VOCs. The EPA also initiated the Clean Air in Buildings Challenge to help facility managers and building operators improve IAQ. The Challenge includes a set of best practices to help reduce risks from airborne contaminants. 

Air Quality Improvement Tactics

The Clean Air in Buildings Challenge outlines several key action items to optimize fresh air ventilation and enhance air filtration. These tactics include:

• Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) 

LEV systems remove pollutants at their source before they can spread into a building’s indoor air. These systems collect hazardous fumes and particles at their point of origin and safely exhaust them, minimizing health risks for employees.

• HVAC Systems

In addition to regulating indoor climates, HVAC systems improve air quality by ventilating air. They exchange or replace air in a specific space, diluting or removing indoor pollutants. It’s important to determine the required amount of clean air (outdoor air plus filtered HVAC recirculated air) for a space and ensure that the outdoor air is clean or filtered before it enters the building.

• Air Filtration

Air filters are an integral component of HVAC systems, trapping and removing airborne particles to prevent pollutants from circulating into the environment. Using the correct filter significantly reduces the number of harmful particles in the air. For example, MERV 13 air filters or higher can capture various airborne particulates with high efficiency. Air filters rated a minimum of MERV 13/13A installed in HVAC systems capture an average of 85 percent of particles 1 micron and larger and 50 percent of particles larger than 0.3 microns. A MERV 14/14A filter eliminates an average of 75 percent of particles larger than 0.3 microns, while a MERV 16/16A filter targets 95 percent removal of particles larger than 0.3 microns.

Labs typically use high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters that remove a minimum of  99.97% of airborne particles larger than 0.3 microns. (See Types of Air Filtration.)

• Air Cleaners

Air cleaners supplement HVAC system ventilation and filtration for specific applications or areas that are difficult to ventilate. However, air cleaners alone cannot ensure adequate air quality for some pollutant sources. 

In the life sciences industry, high-efficiency air cleaners can help control contaminants that affect product, lab researchers and processes. Camfil offers a line of standalone industrial air cleaners in fit-for-purpose designs. These include the CamCleaner air cleaners that use certified HEPA and molecular filtration to remove dust particles, odors and gases. 

Air Filtration Solutions for Different Labs

In the life sciences industry, laboratories have specific air quality requirements to ensure the safety of staff, equipment, processes and products. Air filtration is essential for eliminating odors, gases and air particulates, maintaining the strict cleanliness levels necessary for the research and development of vaccines, new drugs and therapies. 

Outlined below are different air filtration solutions used by labs to address specific requirements. 

• Formaldehyde Odor:  The odor of formaldehyde is a significant issue in labs, causing headaches for staff who inhale this compound. Air cleaners equipped with absolute HEPA filters and molecular filtration efficiently address formaldehyde and other VOCs, effectively removing lab odors. These air cleaners offer a plug-and-play solution and are adaptable for different applications around the lab. 
• In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) laboratories:  These labs require a high level of process cleanliness and air quality. Airborne pollutants can dissolve in aqueous solutions of embryo culture mediums that cannot protect themselves. Studies show a direct relationship between clean air and procedural success. Removing airborne particles and gaseous contaminants can improve in vitro fertility rates. 

         In these situations, general ventilation air filters are insufficient for stringent molecular air quality control. HEPA filters, which efficiently capture particles as small as  0.3 microns, create a cleaner culture environment for embryo development. A filtration system comprising HEPA and broad-spectrum, targeted molecular media ensures the removal of these contaminants.

         For even higher filtration, ultra-low penetration air (ULPA) filters can collect particles down to 0.12 microns in size. They are commonly used in creating a cleanroom environment for specific applications, though they are costlier both in purchase price and operational cost. 

• Biosafety Labs:  Researchers in these labs study infectious agents, bacteria, viruses, parasites and toxic substances can pose a serious threat if uncollected particles or gas molecules enter the air. An air filtration system that captures all potentially harmful airborne pathogens is imperative to protect workers and the environment from highly dangerous biological and chemical risks.

          Filtration depends on the biosafety level of the lab. There are four biosafety levels, with BSL-4 indicating labs that can handle agents causing severe or even fatal untreatable diseases. Many BSL-4 labs around the world rely on air quality solutions to attain the highest level of safety. Camfil offers high-capacity filters with efficiency options up to 99.9995%, along with safe-change housings that prevent hazardous airborne materials from escaping into the environment. 

• Cleanrooms:  Many labs require cleanrooms that offer the highest level of cleanliness by filtering out microscopic pollutants such as airborne particles and microbes. This is to protect critical processes and personnel and prevent the escape of hazardous compounds. ISO 14644 specifies different classifications of air cleanliness based on airborne particle concentration in cleanrooms and clean zones. 

          High-quality filtration systems with HEPA-grade filters ensure regulatory compliance and maintain efficient operations. For cleanroom applications, Camfil offers HEPA/ULPA panel filters for installation in clean room ceiling modules or filter housings. These filters provide 95% efficiency in capturing particles up to 0.3 microns in size and up to 99.99995% for most penetrating particle sizes.

          As part of a total air filtration system, Camfil also offers panel filters that serve as prefilters to protect and extend the life of valuable final filters. Implemented during the initial stage of filtration, they capture larger particles to protect primary HEPA filters. High-capacity and high-efficiency air filters serve as final filters in multi-stage units supplying air areas not requiring HEPA filtration.

IAQ is a priority in laboratories as it impacts worker health and research quality. Facility personnel and lab managers should work together to conduct an IAQ assessment to identify problems and sources of contaminants in creating a plan that sets goals and objectives for making upgrades and changes that improve IAQ. 

Camfil can assist in this journey by visiting facilities and determining the right filtration system for a specific lab facility. We have the real-world expertise and breadth of products to provide thoroughly tested and energy-efficient particulate and molecular air filtration solutions for the life sciences industry. As new regulations and lab requirements emerge within the life sciences, Camfil keeps pace with new technology that ensures efficient air filtration for the highest IAQ. 

To learn more about air filtration solutions for laboratories or to discuss specific air filtration needs and challenges, please contact Camfil today for a consultation. 

 

¹https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/3430indoor-air-quality-sm.pdf

²https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/3430indoor-air-quality-sm.pdf

³https://www.osha.gov/annotated-pels/table-z-3

⁴https://www.labmanager.com/fulfilling-the-osha-lab-standard-21666#Applicability%E2%80%94Who%20Is%20Covered?

⁵T. Ugranli, E. Gungormus, A. Sofuoglu and S.C. Sofuoglu, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey. Indoor Air Quality in Chemical Laboratories, Chapter 32, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/324142244.pdf

⁶https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1450

⁷https://www.osha.gov/laboratories

⁸https://www.ashrae.org/news/hvacrindustry/updated-standard-62-1

⁹https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/clean-air-buildings-challenge

¹⁰https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-03/508-cleanairbuildings_factsheet_v5_508.pdf

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Volatile Organic Compounds Explained: FAQs Answered by Camfil Indoor Air Quality Specialists

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are a group of chemicals that easily become vapors or gases at room temperature. They are found in many everyday products, from paints and cleaning supplies to building materials and furnishings. Understanding VOCs is crucial for maintaining indoor air quality, as their presence can significantly impact health and well-being. This document aims to answer frequently asked questions about VOCs, providing insights from Camfil’s indoor air quality specialists to help building managers create safe, healthy indoor environments for employees and guests.

What Are Volatile Organic Compounds?

The term volatility is used in chemistry to describe how easily a chemical or substance vaporizes (turns into its gaseous state without a chemical reaction taking place). The more volatile a chemical is, the easier it is for it to turn into a gas, and the more likely it is to exist as a gas than as a solid or a liquid. The volatility of any given chemical has no specific numerical value or unit of measurement of its own and is instead related to the boiling point and molecular weight of the chemical. 

An organic compound is a term used to describe any molecule containing carbon and at least one other element. Volatile organic compounds, therefore, are carbon-based molecules that evaporate rapidly at room temperature. If you have ever handled mineral spirits (benzene), the fumes it emits immediately are the liquid benzene evaporating into a gas; its volatility is advantageous because it leaves no residue, but also presents a potential fire hazard because (as is the case with many other VOCs), it is highly combustible and can catch fire at room temperature.

A vast number of chemical compounds are VOCs but are not considered a significant threat to human health. However, of the 189 chemicals recognized by the EPA as air pollutants, 97 (that’s a little over half) are VOCs.

Common VOCs that Affect Indoor Air Quality

Examples of VOCs commonly found in indoor air include:

• gasoline
• formaldehyde, which is used as a preservative in food, medicine, cleaning products, and cosmetics, as well as in the production of furniture
• benzene, which is used in the production of plastics, resins, dyes, synthetic fabrics, and many more household items
• methylene chloride, which is primarily used in industrial cleaning and paint removal
• ethylene glycol, which is used in the manufacturing of synthetic fabrics and in antifreeze products
• tetrachloroethylene, which is the chemical used for dry cleaning
• toluene, which is used in the production of paints, lacquers, and glues

Camfil Air Filtration Experts Answer Frequently Asked Questions About VOCs

What are the symptoms of VOC exposure?

Short-term exposure to VOCs can result in symptoms including:

• headaches
• skin irritation and itchiness
• dizziness
• nausea
• fatigue
• watering or burning eyes
• nose and throat irritation
• asthma attacks

What are the long-term health effects of VOC exposure?

According to the EPA VOC exposure can exacerbate asthma symptoms and lead to chronic bronchitis, and may also lead to kidney, liver, and nervous system damage depending on the specific chemicals and individual is exposed to. Several VOCs have also been linked to the development of various types of cancer.

Do VOCs negatively affect the environment?

Certain VOCs (such as the 97 that the EPA classifies as pollutants) can pose significant risks to the environment. VOCs react with nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere to form ground-level ozone and smog, an issue that can affect rural and urban areas alike. Ground-level ozone stops plants from being able to open their pores and absorb carbon dioxide, essentially inhibiting their respiratory function, which can cause damage to and even kill plants. This has a significant negative impact on crops and on entire natural ecosystems.  

Ground-level ozone is also considered a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.

How can I measure VOC levels in my facility?

There are various monitors that can be used to measure VOC levels inside buildings, and the best fit depends on the specifics of your building. Explore VOC monitoring options here or reach out to your local Camfil representative to determine the right solution for your application. 

What kinds of air filters can get rid of VOCs?

Although there are thousands of different kinds of VOCs, many of which are benign and naturally occurring, while others are potentially dangerous, most can be targeted by one type of filter because they are all gasses. Filters containing activated carbon and other activated media are effective against molecular (gaseous) pollutants.

Regular maintenance and replacement of filters are essential for optimal performance. By investing in high-quality air filtration systems, facility managers can significantly reduce VOC levels, creating safer and more pleasant environments.

Can I use a HEPA filter to remove VOCs from the air?

No. HEPA filters are highly effective against particulate matter (microscopic solid or liquid particles suspended in the air) but are not designed to capture gases. To target both types of pollution, you may need an air cleaner or purifier or multi-stage filtration.

What emits VOCs indoors?

Concentrations of VOCs can often be significantly higher indoors than outdoors because outdoor air provides natural circulation to disperse pollutants, and because many indoor activities and objects generate VOCs. These include:

• Using cleaning chemicals
• Painting, or using glue or some kind of ink
• Printers and copying machines
• Aerosol sprays
• Off-gassing from furniture

Are air filters the only way to reduce VOC levels indoors?

It is possible to reduce VOC levels by reducing indoor emissions and by improving ventilation and air circulation. Using these two strategies in combination with activated carbon filters is highly effective. Other strategies, such as using indoor plants to combat VOCs, are not as effective; although certain plants can remove small amounts of specific VOCs from the air, they cannot do so quickly enough to keep up with VOC emissions in most indoor spaces. Consult a Camfil expert for help developing the best strategy to reduce VOCs in your building.

About Camfil Clean Air Solutions

For more than half a century, Camfil has been helping people breathe cleaner air. As a leading manufacturer of premium clean air solutions, we provide commercial and industrial systems for air filtration and air pollution control that improve worker and equipment productivity, minimize energy use, and benefit human health and the environment. We firmly believe that the best solutions for our customers are the best solutions for our planet, too. That’s why every step of the way – from design to delivery and across the product life cycle – we consider the impact of what we do on people and on the world around us. Through a fresh approach to problem-solving, innovative design, precise process control, and a strong customer focus we aim to conserve more, use less and find better ways – so we can all breathe easier.

The Camfil Group is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden, and has 30​ manufacturing sites, six R&D centers, local sales offices in 35+ countries, and about 5,600 employees and growing. We proudly serve and support customers in a wide variety of industries and in communities across the world. To discover how Camfil USA can help you to protect people, processes and the environment, visit us at www.camfil.us/ 

##

Media Contact: 

Lynne Laake 

Camfil USA Air Filters 

T: 888.599.6620 

E: Lynne.Laake@camfil.com

F: Friend Camfil USA on Facebook

T: Follow Camfil USA on Twitter 

Y: Watch Camfil Videos on YouTube

L: Follow our LinkedIn Page

 

Sources:

https://www.epa.gov/haps/initial-list-hazardous-air-pollutants-modifications

https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/volatile-organic-compounds-impact-indoor-air-quality

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New Study Shows Potential Link Between Air Pollution Exposure and More Severe Menopause Symptoms

Menopause marks a significant transition in a woman’s life, bringing with it a host of physical and emotional changes in addition to increasing risk for injuries and diseases. While many factors can influence the onset and severity of menopausal symptoms, a 2024 study published in the journal Science of Total Environment found that long-term air pollution exposure may affect hormone levels during menopause, potentially leading to increased severity of symptoms such as hot flashes and sleep difficulties.

In this article, air quality experts from Camfil explain the findings and implications of the study and provide insights about how women can protect themselves from the potential negative effects of air pollution during this important life stage.

A Brief Explanation of the Menopausal Transition

Menopause is defined as the natural biological process marking the end of a woman’s menstrual cycles and reproductive years, typically occurring between the ages of 45 and 55. Menopause is officially reached after 12 months without a menstrual period.

The menopausal transition, commonly referred to as perimenopause, typically begins several years before full menopause is reached and is characterized by decreases in the production of estrogen and progesterone. This phase can last between four to ten years, during which women may experience a range of symptoms, including irregular menstrual cycles, mood swings, and changes in metabolic rate. As estrogen levels decline, many women also report experiencing hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disturbances, and cognitive changes. With the decrease in estrogen, women may also become more susceptible to certain health conditions, such as osteoporosis (low bone density) and heart disease.

Study:  Air Pollution Linked to Sharper Decline in Hormone Levels During Menopause

The study, which was published in Science of Total Environment in 2024, used data from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN), a larger longitudinal study with over 3000 participants that aims to attain a better understanding of the menopausal transition and other physical and psychological factors affecting women in middle and late adulthood.

1365 women from six different locations across the United States (southeast Michigan; Chicago, IL; Oakland, CA; Los Angeles, CA; Newark, NJ; and Pittsburgh, PA) were included in the air pollution study.

The team of researchers from the University of Michigan analyzed hormone levels of the participants before, during, and after menopause, along with air pollution data based on residence zip code with measurements beginning in 1999. The study found that exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was associated with an additional decrease in estrogen during perimenopause (leading to lower average hormone levels by the time full menopause was reached) and with a sharper decline in hormone levels over the course of perimenopause (meaning that hormone levels plummeted faster for women with greater air pollution exposure).

Low levels of estrogen often lead to more severe symptoms of menopause, such as hot flashes, difficulties with sleeping, changes in cognitive ability, and mood swings.

Most of the existing scientific literature on the impact of air quality on reproductive health focuses on women of reproductive age and is often limited to women undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF); the findings of this study add important insight into the pervasive nature of the effects of air pollution across the lifespan and provide future directions for research.

Combating Air Pollution Exposure by Improving Indoor Air Quality

Americans spend at least 90% of their time indoors on average, and indoor air pollutants can be as much as fifty times more concentrated than pollutants in the outdoor air in the same area. Long- and short-term exposure to air pollution have both been linked to a wide range of health conditions, affecting the heart, lungs, brain, immune system, and other essential functions.

While efforts to reduce air pollution from vehicles and industrial processes are important, reducing indoor air pollution is another critical piece of the puzzle when it comes to reducing the negative impact of air pollution on human health.

Here are some practical steps you can take to limit exposure to air pollution:

1. Monitor air quality:  Utilize apps and websites to monitor daily air quality in your area. Refrain from outdoor activities, especially high-intensity exercise, on days with high pollution levels.
2. Maintain adequate ventilation. Good ventilation requires circulating fresh air and removing stale, polluted indoor air, which can be achieved by using exhaust fans, or opening windows., This is especially important in areas such as kitchens, bathrooms, workshops, and other areas where pollution is generated and is prone to accumulating at high concentrations. 
3. Replace  existing air filters with those carrying a higher MERV rating:  High-efficiency air filters tailored to the home’s HVAC system can effectively remove pollutants, allergens, and harmful particles from the indoor environment.
4. Maintain HVAC systems: Regular maintenance and cleaning of the HVAC system prevent dust, mold, and pollutant buildup. Using high-efficiency air filters keeps ductwork and air grilles clean. Adhering to the manufacturer’s maintenance guidelines ensures clean air circulation in your home and reduces the risk of respiratory problems.

To determine the best air filtration strategies and solutions for your residential, commercial, or industrial building, contact your local Camfil representative.

About Camfil Clean Air Solutions

For more than half a century, Camfil has been helping people breathe cleaner air. As a leading manufacturer of premium clean air solutions, we provide commercial and industrial systems for air filtration and air pollution control that improve worker and equipment productivity, minimize energy use, and benefit human health and the environment. We firmly believe that the best solutions for our customers are the best solutions for our planet, too. That’s why every step of the way – from design to delivery and across the product life cycle – we consider the impact of what we do on people and the world around us. Through a fresh approach to problem-solving, innovative design, precise process control, and a strong customer focus we aim to conserve more, use less, and find better ways – so we can all breathe easier.

The Camfil Group is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden, and has 30​ manufacturing sites, six R&D centers, local sales offices in 35+ countries, and about 5,600 employees and growing. We proudly serve and support customers in a wide variety of industries and communities across the world. To discover how Camfil USA can help you to protect people, processes, and the environment, visit us at www.camfil.us/ 

 

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Media Contact: 

Lynne Laake 

Camfil USA Air Filters 

T: 888.599.6620 

E: Lynne.Laake@camfil.com

F: Friend Camfil USA on Facebook

T: Follow Camfil USA on Twitter 

Y: Watch Camfil Videos on YouTube

L: Follow our LinkedIn Page

 

Source:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969723069450

The post New Study Shows Potential Link Between Air Pollution Exposure and More Severe Menopause Symptoms appeared first on Air Filters for Clean Air.

from Air Filters for Clean Air

Insights from Air Pollution Experts Do Fireworks Make Summer Air Quality Worse

Fireworks are a must-have for many celebrations in the United States, but are particularly characteristic of the Fourth of July. Continue reading to learn from Camfil’s air filtration specialists about the kinds of pollution emitted by firework displays and their effects on overall air quality, in addition to some of the other biggest contributors to poor summer air quality.

What Types of Air Pollution Come from Firework Displays?

Fireworks are made of gunpowder (or black powder), a blend of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and charcoal, which burns rapidly and explodes to serve as a propellant, in addition to a variety of metals that create their characteristic bright colors

When burned, gunpowder produces pollutants, usually including:

• Carbon dioxide (CO2), which can lead to headaches and dizziness at high levels.
• Carbon monoxide (CO), a toxic gas that, when inhaled, reduces oxygen flow throughout the body, causing dizziness, confusion, and potentially leading to organ damage and death.
• Nitrogen (N2), a stable gas that naturally constitutes the majority of the Earth’s atmosphere.
• Potassium carbonate (K2CO3), a caustic chemical used in industrial processes that can cause severe respiratory irritation inhaled. 
• Potassium sulfide (K2S), which forms potassium hydrosulfide and potassium hydroxide in reactions with the moisture in the air; these chemicals can damage the eyes, burn the skin, and irritate the lungs, potentially leading to permanent respiratory tissue damage at high concentrations.

How Do Fireworks Affect Air Quality on the 4th of July?

A 2015 study in the journal Atmospheric Environment analyzed air quality data from 315 U.S. locations over fourteen years. Researchers discovered a 42% increase in particulate matter on July 4th and 5th compared to the surrounding days. In many regions, July 4th was consistently the most polluted day of the year, regardless of whether it fell on a weekend or weekday.

Other Sources of Poor Air Quality in the Summer

Wildfire Smoke

One of the most significant contributors to summer air pollution across North America is wildfire smoke, although in recent years, wildfire season has become longer and affected air quality year-round in some localities. Areas that aren’t directly affected by wildfires are often still affected by wildfire smoke when wind carries pollutants far and wide, causing haze and noticeable polluted air hundreds or thousands of miles away from the source of the fire.

Arid Weather Conditions

Weather-related factors can increase particulate matter levels in certain areas. Extended dry periods cause dirt, sand, and soil to become loose and dry, unlike their stable, compact state during other seasons. This loose ground is more easily dispersed by wind, vehicles, and foot traffic, potentially doubling particulate matter concentrations in the area.

Increased Road Traffic

With summer breaks for children in K-12 schools and students in universities, as well as desirable weather conditions in much of the country, people are most likely to take vacations during summer months. In addition to the increased particulate matter from cars kicking up dust, increased vehicle traffic means increased emissions from car exhaust, which includes pollutants such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) even when vehicles’ emissions are within state-determined limits.  

Ground-Level Ozone Formation

Ground-level ozone forms when specific pollutants react chemically at ground level, facilitated by sunlight. Common contributors to ozone formation include nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), originating from cars, power plants, industrial boilers, refineries, chemical plants, and other pollution sources. During the summer, hot, sunny weather in addition to increased car traffic creates significant increases in ozone in some areas. 

High ozone levels can happen in any season, but they’re most common during hot, sunny summer weather. Additionally, ozone can travel long distances on the wind, reaching rural areas with typically good air quality where ozone formation is less frequent.

Summer Thunderstorms

The meteorological conditions created by summer thunderstorms, which differ from the conditions of thunderstorms and rain in other seasons, have been found to cause a specific distribution of plant spores and pollen that triggers asthma attacks in those affected by the disorder. Specific patterns of airflow are compounded by the humidity and static electricity in the air; downdrafts of cold air concentrate pollen and other allergens within the area of the storm and carry them into the clouds. Lightning, wind, and high humidity fragment these particles into much smaller pieces that can bypass our bodies’ natural barriers and enter the lungs directly when inhaled. This phenomenon, which has been referred to by researchers as “thunderstorm asthma” has been known to cause hospitalizations and even deaths in extreme cases, such as in a large wave in Melbourne in 2016.

Bonfires and Campfires 

Bonfires and campfires, though an important summer activity for many, can contribute notably to air pollution. Wood burning is an incomplete combustion process, which releases a range of pollutants, including particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and various other toxic substances. Particulate matter, which includes fine particles that can penetrate deep into the respiratory system, poses significant health risks, particularly for individuals with pre-existing conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Additionally, the smoke from bonfires and campfires can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat.

Effects of Summer Pollution on Indoor Air Quality

In much of the United States, where summer temperatures frequently exceed one hundred degrees, air conditioning is essential for comfort in homes and public spaces. Over 90% of American households have some form of air conditioning, with 60% using central systems; 4.5 million commercial buildings used a cooling system in the U.S. as of 2012, and that number is sure to have grown in the past decade.

Most central air conditioning systems use panel filters that safeguard the equipment from large particles but are not efficient enough to shield building occupants from finer particulate matter or from gaseous pollutants. Consequently, HVAC systems continuously recirculate contaminated air and introduce polluted outdoor air into the airflow.

About Camfil Clean Air Solutions

For more than half a century, Camfil has been helping people breathe cleaner air. As a leading manufacturer of premium clean air solutions, we provide commercial and industrial systems for air filtration and air pollution control that improve worker and equipment productivity, minimize energy use, and benefit human health and the environment. We firmly believe that the best solutions for our customers are the best solutions for our planet, too. That’s why every step of the way – from design to delivery and across the product life cycle – we consider the impact of what we do on people and on the world around us. Through a fresh approach to problem-solving, innovative design, precise process control, and a strong customer focus we aim to conserve more, use less and find better ways – so we can all breathe easier.

 

The Camfil Group is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden, and has 30​ manufacturing sites, six R&D centers, local sales offices in 35+ countries, and about 5,600 employees and growing. We proudly serve and support customers in a wide variety of industries and in communities across the world. To discover how Camfil USA can help you to protect people, processes and the environment, visit us at www.camfil.us/ 

 

##

Media Contact: 

Lynne Laake 

Camfil USA Air Filters 

T: 888.599.6620 

E: Lynne.Laake@camfil.com

F: Friend Camfil USA on Facebook

T: Follow Camfil USA on Twitter 

Y: Watch Camfil Videos on YouTube

L: Follow our LinkedIn Page

The post Insights from Air Pollution Experts Do Fireworks Make Summer Air Quality Worse appeared first on Air Filters for Clean Air.

from Air Filters for Clean Air